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Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure

School of Global Management and Leadership, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100, Fred.Walumbwa{at}asu.edu

Bruce J. Avolio

College of Business Administration, Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0497

William L. Gardner

Institute for Leadership Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2101

Tara S. Wernsing

College of Business Administration, Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0497

Suzanne J. Peterson

School of Global Management and Leadership, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100

This study developed and tested a theory-based measure of authentic leadership using five separate samples obtained from China, Kenya, and the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a higher order, multidimensional model of the authentic leadership construct (the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire [ALQ]) comprising leader self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated the predictive validity for the ALQ measure for important work-related attitudes and behaviors, beyond what ethical and transformational leadership offered. Finally, results revealed a positive relationship between authentic leadership and supervisor-rated performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Key Words: authentic leadership • construct validation • leadership development • measurement development

Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, 89-126 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0149206307308913


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