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Capturing knowledge and knowing through improvisation: what managers can learn from the thoracic surgery board certification process

University of Virginia, McIntire School of Commerce, 256 Monroe Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

Annette L. Ranft

Wake Forest University, Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, PO Box 7285 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7285, USA

To compete effectively in the information age, managers must take actions in ambiguous, complex, and rapidly changing environments. A thoracic surgeon facilitates actions that are consequential and difficult to reverse, that require individual and group expertise, and that are based on changing, complex inputs and environments that are often ambiguous and interact in unpredictable ways. We suggest that managers can benefit from learning we have gained from studying the thoracic surgery certification process.

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